Risk factors of breast cancer

A.      Modifiable risk factors that we can control     

·        Weight: Being overweight is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, for women after menopause.  

·         Diet: Diet is a suspected risk factor for many types of cancer, including breast cancer,

·         Exorcist : Evidence is growing that exercise can reduce breast cancer risk 

·         Alcohol risk consumption : Studies have shown that breast cancer risk increase the amount of alcohol a woman drinks.

·         Smoking : Smoking is associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk.

·         Exposure to estrogen : taking hormone replacement therapy

·         Pregnancy and breastfeeding : Pregnancy and breastfeeding reduce future breast cancer risk.

·         Age at first childbirth at greater than 30 years

B.      Non-modifiable risk factors we can’t control

·         Gender : Risk in female to develop breast cancer is 100 times more than     male.

·         Age : greater than 50 years.

·         Family history : first-degree relative (mother, daughter, sister)

·         Personal history : prior history of breast cancer.

·         Race: White woman is slightly more likely to develop breast cancer.

·         Age at menarche and menopause : Early menarche before age 12, Late menopause after age 50.

General concept on Breast cancer

 What is breast cancer?

The term “breast cancer” refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. Usually breast cancer either begins in the cells of the lobules, Which are the milk producing glands, or the ducts, the passages that drain milk from the lobules to the nipple. Less commonly, breast cancer can begin in the stromal tissues, which include the fatty and fibrous connective tissues of the breast.

Over time, cancer cells can invade nearby healthy breast tissue and make their way into the underarm lymph nodes, small organs that filter out foreign substances in the body. If cancer cells get into the lymph nodes, they then have a pathway into other parts of the body . The breast cancer’s stage refers to how far the cancer cells have spread beyond the original tumor.

Treatment of lunch cancer

Treatment for lung cancer can involve

     Surgical removal of the cancer

                                                                                    

• ·         Chemotherapy

• ·         Radiation therapy

• ·         Combinations of these treatments.

The decision about which treatments will be appropriate for a given individual must take into account the location and extent of the tumor as well  as the overall health status of the patient.

Intend to treatment may be 

1.    Curative (removal or eradication of a cancer) or

1. Palliative (measure that is unable to cure a cancer but can reduce pain and suffering).

More than one type of therapy may be prescribed. In such cases, the therapy that is added to enhance the effects of the primary therapy is  referred to as adjuvant therapy. An example of adjuvant therapy is chemotherapy or radiotherapy administered after surgical removal of a tumor in an attempt to kill any tumor cells.

Risking factors of lung cancers

 There are two major risk factors of lung cancer are,

 

•  Smoking                                                            

•   Airpolution 
  
   Smoking

The incidence of lung cancer is strongly correlated with cigarette smoking, with about 90% of lung cancers arising as a result of tobacco use. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes over 4,000 chemical compounds, many of which have been shown to be cancer-causing or carcinogenic. The two primary carcinogens in tobacco smoke are chemicals known as nitrosamines and polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons. Passive smoking or the inhalation of tobacco smoke by nonsmokers, also is an established risk factor for the development of lung cancer.

          Airpolution

Airpolution from vehicles, industry, and power plants can raise the likelihood of developing lung cancer in exposed individuals. Up to 1% of lung cancer deaths are attributable to breathing polluted air, and experts  believe that prolonged exposure to highly polluted air can carry a risk for the development of lung cancer similar to that of passive smoking.