prevention strategy of stroke

Primary prevention-two complementary strategies can be used to prevent stroke in apparently healthy but at risk individuals. The population strategy aims to modify the risk factors of the whole population through diet and lifestyle advice like;
   

•     Do not smokeconsume tobacco (smoking or smokeless)

•     Take regular exercise (minimum of 20 minutes, three times a week)

•     Maintain ideal body weight

•     Eat a mixed diet rich I fresh fruits and vegetables

•     Aim to get no more than 10% of energy intake from saturated fat.

•     Moderate alcohol consumption

•     Reduction of LDL cholesterol with stone therapy.

The targeted strategy aims to identify and treat high risk individuals, who usually have combination risk factors. There is strong observational evidence that moderate to high levels of physical activity reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.

Secondary prevention- patients who already have evidence of atheromatous vascular disease are at high risk of other vascular event offered a variety of measures that have shown to improve their outlook. The energetic correction of risk factors, particularly smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, is particularly important in this patient group beacuse the absolute risk of further vascular events is vary high.<<learn more

Risk factors of breast cancer

A.      Modifiable risk factors that we can control     

·        Weight: Being overweight is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, for women after menopause.  

·         Diet: Diet is a suspected risk factor for many types of cancer, including breast cancer,

·         Exorcist : Evidence is growing that exercise can reduce breast cancer risk 

·         Alcohol risk consumption : Studies have shown that breast cancer risk increase the amount of alcohol a woman drinks.

·         Smoking : Smoking is associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk.

·         Exposure to estrogen : taking hormone replacement therapy

·         Pregnancy and breastfeeding : Pregnancy and breastfeeding reduce future breast cancer risk.

·         Age at first childbirth at greater than 30 years

B.      Non-modifiable risk factors we can’t control

·         Gender : Risk in female to develop breast cancer is 100 times more than     male.

·         Age : greater than 50 years.

·         Family history : first-degree relative (mother, daughter, sister)

·         Personal history : prior history of breast cancer.

·         Race: White woman is slightly more likely to develop breast cancer.

·         Age at menarche and menopause : Early menarche before age 12, Late menopause after age 50.

Treatment of lunch cancer

Treatment for lung cancer can involve

     Surgical removal of the cancer

                                                                                    

• ·         Chemotherapy

• ·         Radiation therapy

• ·         Combinations of these treatments.

The decision about which treatments will be appropriate for a given individual must take into account the location and extent of the tumor as well  as the overall health status of the patient.

Intend to treatment may be 

1.    Curative (removal or eradication of a cancer) or

1. Palliative (measure that is unable to cure a cancer but can reduce pain and suffering).

More than one type of therapy may be prescribed. In such cases, the therapy that is added to enhance the effects of the primary therapy is  referred to as adjuvant therapy. An example of adjuvant therapy is chemotherapy or radiotherapy administered after surgical removal of a tumor in an attempt to kill any tumor cells.

Risking factors of lung cancers

 There are two major risk factors of lung cancer are,

 

•  Smoking                                                            

•   Airpolution 
  
   Smoking

The incidence of lung cancer is strongly correlated with cigarette smoking, with about 90% of lung cancers arising as a result of tobacco use. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes over 4,000 chemical compounds, many of which have been shown to be cancer-causing or carcinogenic. The two primary carcinogens in tobacco smoke are chemicals known as nitrosamines and polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons. Passive smoking or the inhalation of tobacco smoke by nonsmokers, also is an established risk factor for the development of lung cancer.

          Airpolution

Airpolution from vehicles, industry, and power plants can raise the likelihood of developing lung cancer in exposed individuals. Up to 1% of lung cancer deaths are attributable to breathing polluted air, and experts  believe that prolonged exposure to highly polluted air can carry a risk for the development of lung cancer similar to that of passive smoking.

General concept on lung cancer

  Like all cancers, cancer of the lung, results from an abnormality in the growth of the body’s basic unit of life, the cell. Normally, cells divide to produce new cells only when new cells are needed. Disruption of this system of checks and balances on cell growth results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that eventually forms a mass known as a tumor.

Tumors can be benign or malignant. “Cancer,” usually refers to those tumors that are malignant. Benign tumors usually can be removed and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, grow aggressively and invade other tissues of the body, allowing entry of tumor cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system and then to other sites in the body. 



This process of spread is termed metastasis; the areas of tumor growth at these distant sites are called metastasize very early after it forms, it is a very- threatening cancer and one of the most difficult cancers to treat. While lung cancer can spread to any organ in the body, certain organs- particularly the adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone- are the most common sites for lung cancer metastasess.

Major clinical features of a stroke patient

Rapid evaluation is essential for a stroke patient. However, patients with acute stroke often do not seek medical assistance on their own, both because they are rarely in pain, as well as because they may lose the appreciation that something are wrong; it is often a family member or a bystander who calls for help. therefore, patients and their family members should be counseled to call emergency medical services if they experiences or witness the sudden onset of the any of the following;

1.  Contralateral hemiplegia or haemiparesis. Weak limbs are at first flaccid and areflexic, after a variable period of time, the reflexes return, becoming exaggerated, an extensor planter response. Weakness is maximal at first; recovery gradually over days, weak or many months can occur.
2.   Aphasia (if dominant hemisphere is affected) 
3.  The clinical feature of major of TIAs-Amaurodis fugax, aphasia,     haemiparesis, hemisensory loss, 
4. Diplopia, vertigo, vomiting, choking and dysarthria, ataxia, hemisensory loss, hemianopic visual loss, Transient global amnesia, tetraparesis, loss of consciousness-if there is vertebrobasilar system involve ment.More details