General concept on oral cancer

Oral cancer is the part and parcel of our healthy life.Oral cancer might be occured in many ways.so we should know about oral cancer.
Oral cancers include cancer that occurs in the mouth (oral cavity) and have many parts that are given below-

•     Lips

•     Buccal cheeks

•     Salivary glads

•     Hard palate

•     Soft palate and uvula

•     Floor of mouth

•     Upper and lower alveolus

•     Tongue

•     Tonsils

•     Oropharynx

Epidemiology

Globally, approximately 30,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each ear, and an estimated 7500 people died from oral cancer in 2007.According to GLOBOCAN 2008 Country Fact Sheet published by IARC,incidece of oral cancer in Bangladesh is 7.2% in male, 6.6% in female and 7.4% among both sexes.So everybody should prevent to oral cancer.<<learn more

prevention strategy of stroke

Primary prevention-two complementary strategies can be used to prevent stroke in apparently healthy but at risk individuals. The population strategy aims to modify the risk factors of the whole population through diet and lifestyle advice like;
   

•     Do not smokeconsume tobacco (smoking or smokeless)

•     Take regular exercise (minimum of 20 minutes, three times a week)

•     Maintain ideal body weight

•     Eat a mixed diet rich I fresh fruits and vegetables

•     Aim to get no more than 10% of energy intake from saturated fat.

•     Moderate alcohol consumption

•     Reduction of LDL cholesterol with stone therapy.

The targeted strategy aims to identify and treat high risk individuals, who usually have combination risk factors. There is strong observational evidence that moderate to high levels of physical activity reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.

Secondary prevention- patients who already have evidence of atheromatous vascular disease are at high risk of other vascular event offered a variety of measures that have shown to improve their outlook. The energetic correction of risk factors, particularly smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, is particularly important in this patient group beacuse the absolute risk of further vascular events is vary high.<<learn more

Privention strategy of ischaemic heart disease

Primary prevention-two coTmplementary strategies can be usued to prevent ischaemic heart disease is apparently healthy but at risk individuals.

The poulation strategy aims to modify the risk factors of the whole population through diet and life style advice like;

•     Do not smoke, or consume smokeles tobacco

•     take regular exercise(minimum of 30 minutes, 5-7 days a week)

•     maintain ideal body weight

•     Eat a mixed diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables

•     Aim to get no more than 10% of energy intake from saturated.

The targeted strategy aims to identify and treat high risk individuals, who usually have combination risk factors.There is strong obeservational evidence that miderate to high levels of physical activity reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.

Secondary preventiopn- patients who already have evidence od atheromatous vascular disease are at high risk of another vascular event offered a variety of measures that have shown to improve their outlook.The energetic correction of risk factors, particularly smoking,hypertension,hyperlipidaemia, is particularly important in this patient group because the absolute risk of further vasculaar events is very high.<<learn more

Major clinical features of ischemic heart disease

Major clinical features of ischemic heart disease is the very important thing of every human body.so all person should know the Major clinical features of ischemic heart disease..

The typical patient with angina is a man older than 50 years or a woman older than 60 years of age who complains of chest discomfort, usually described as heaviness, pressure, squeezing, smothering, or choking, and only rarely as frank pain.<<learn more.

When the patient is asked to localize the sensation, he or she will typically place their hands over the sternum, sometimes, with a clenched first, to indicate a squeezing, central, substernal discomfort. Angina is usually crescendo-decrescendo in nature, typically lasts 2-5 minutes, and can radiate to either shoulder and to both arms. It can also arise in or radiate to the back, intercapular region, the root of the neck, jaw, teeth, and epigastrium.

Although episodes of angina are typically caused by exertion (eg. exercise, hurrying, or sexual activity) or emotion (eg. Stress, anger, fright, or frustration) and are relieved by rest, they may also occur at rest and while the patient is recumbent. Nocturnal angina may be due to episodic tachycardia, diminished oxygenation as the respiratory pattern changes during sleep, or expansion of the intrathoracic blood volume that occurs with recumbancy. The threshold for the development of angina pictures may vary by time of day and emotional state. Many patients report a fixed threshold for angina, which occurs predictably at a certain level of activity, such as climbing two flights of stairs at a normal pace. In other patients, the threshold for angina may vary considerably within any given day or day two day.<<learn more

Risking factors of ischaemic heart disease

There are many risk factors of ischaemic heart disease-


Age and sex : Age is the most powerful independent risk factor for atherosclerosis process. Pre-menopausal women have much lower rates of disease than age -and risk-matched males; the gender difference disappears rapidly after the menopause.>> learn more


Family history : It also runs in the family. This may be due to a combination of shared genetic, environmental and lifestyle (e.g.. Smoking, exercise and diet) factors. A 'positive' family history is present when clinical problems in first -degree relatives occur at a relatively young age, such as<50 years for men and <55years for women.So family factors is the important thing of ischaemic heart disease.

Smoking : Most important avoidable cause of atherosclerotic vascular disease; there is a strong, consistent and dose-linked relationship between cigarette smoking and ischemic heart disease.

Hypertension : The incidence of atherosclerosis increases as blood pressure rises and this excess risk is related to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as pulse pressure.

Diabetes mellitus : Is a potent risk factor for all forms of atherosclerosis and is often associated with diffuse disease that is difficult to treat. Insulin resistance is associated with obesity and physical inactivity.

Hemostatic factors : Platelet activation and high level of fibrinogen are associated an increased risk of coronary thrombosis.

Physical activity : Physical inactivity roughly doubles the risk of coronary heart disease.

Other dietary factors : Diet deficient in fresh fruit vegetables and polyunsaturated fatty acid are associated with an increased risk of vascular disease.So we should careful by risking factors of ischaemic heart disease.>>learn more

Prevention of carcinoma cervix

a.       Primary prevention : It involves identifying the causal factor and eliminating or preventing those from exerting their effects.

First of all identifying ‘high risk’ woman and men. It is indeed an uphill task to prevent these epidemiological factors. However cancer consciousness, propagandas, proper health education of the population , especially amongst the poor socioeconomic group could be important steps in prevention.

A healthy lifestyle. Which includes eating plenty of fruits and vegetables, avoidance of alcohol and adequate physical activity is protected  for many cancers like carcinoma cervix.

Use of a condom during early intercourse , raising the age of marriage, and of first birth , limitation of family, maintenance of local hygiene and effective therapy of STDs may be positive steps in prevention. Vaccination against human papilloma virus for cervical cancer shows promising results.

b.      Secondary prevention :  It involves identifying and treating the disease earlier in most treatable stage. This is done by screening procedures . The strategy is however , not expected to lower the incidence of cancer cervix, but it can certainly minimize the cancer death through early detection.more details

Risking factors of cervical cancer

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•  HPV infection: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a group of viruses that infect the  cervix.     Chronic HPV infection causes most of the cervical cancer in women, especially person to person through sexual contact. Most adults have been infected with HPV at some time in their lives, but most infections clear up on their own. Some types of HPV can cause changes to cells in the cervix. If these changes are found early, cervical cancer can be prevented by removing or killing the changed cells before they can become cancer cells.

•  Multiple sexual partner: Women who have many  partners have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Also, a woman who has had sex with a man who has had many sexual partners may be at higher risk developing cervical cancer. In both cases, the risk of developing cervical cancer is higher because these women have a higher risk of HPV infection.

•  Early marriage : In Bangladesh, early age of marriage is one of the important risk factors of cervical cancer. It is more common in rural communities. However, the situation is improving.

•  Multiple pregnancy : Studies suggest that giving birth to many children (5 or more) may increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection.

•  Poor genital hygiene : Lack of genital hygiene may increase risk of developing cervical cancer.

•  Smoking : Among women who are infected with HPV, smoking cigarettes slightly increases the risk of cervical cancer.more details

General concept on carcinoma cervix

A cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and vagina).  It is usually a slow-growing cancer.

Epidemiology

Globally, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women, and the seventh overall, with an estimated 529000 new cases in 2008. More than 85% of the global  burden occur in developing countries, Where it accounts for 13% of all female cancers. Cervical cancer remains the most common cancer in women only Eastern Africa, South-Central Asia and Melanesia. Cervical cancer is responsible for 274000 deaths in 2008, about 88% of which occur in developing countries: 53000 in Africa, 31400 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 159800 in Asia.

According to the hospital-based cancer registry report 2005-2007, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among the female patients and third among both sexes, attended NICRH during 2005-07. One thousand seven hundred eighteen (1,718) cervical cancer patients attended NICRH out of a total number of 18829 (both sexes). Majority 612 (35.6%) was from 45-54 years age group. About 90% of cervical cancers were squamous cell carcinoma.more details

Risk factors of breast cancer

A.      Modifiable risk factors that we can control     

·        Weight: Being overweight is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, for women after menopause.  

·         Diet: Diet is a suspected risk factor for many types of cancer, including breast cancer,

·         Exorcist : Evidence is growing that exercise can reduce breast cancer risk 

·         Alcohol risk consumption : Studies have shown that breast cancer risk increase the amount of alcohol a woman drinks.

·         Smoking : Smoking is associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk.

·         Exposure to estrogen : taking hormone replacement therapy

·         Pregnancy and breastfeeding : Pregnancy and breastfeeding reduce future breast cancer risk.

·         Age at first childbirth at greater than 30 years

B.      Non-modifiable risk factors we can’t control

·         Gender : Risk in female to develop breast cancer is 100 times more than     male.

·         Age : greater than 50 years.

·         Family history : first-degree relative (mother, daughter, sister)

·         Personal history : prior history of breast cancer.

·         Race: White woman is slightly more likely to develop breast cancer.

·         Age at menarche and menopause : Early menarche before age 12, Late menopause after age 50.